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It's one thing to talk about what cracks, cracker, and the process of cracking. What happens then? The first component of crack is the main executable file which will be run by the user. Once this is run, it will break up an encrypted data set into several chunks which are easier for the computer to decode. To do this, the program interactively asks for each chunk to be decrypted with a password through an external program like PuTTY (PuTTY). The first known instance of crack was found in 1991 after it was reverse engineered from an early version of PuTTY released online by Peter Gutmann (Gutman) in 1988. After the data set has been decrypted, it is then run on a CPU emulator or a CPU simulator. The CPU emulator or simulator will simulate the original CPU of the computer so that it can be used on any other computer. This process of removing the need of a legal copy of software is referred to as "abstraction." Abstraction allows cracker to “separate a program from its environment” (Aiken) which is critical for emulation, debugging and ultimately cracking programs. This allows cracker to “run cracked copies of programs on computers with different configurations” by using an abstraction layer. Abstraction can be thought of as a virtual computer that runs the same programs. Cracker would even have a program which will extract a certain feature from a running process in a computer, run the cracked software on the virtual computer and extract features from it. Sometimes, cracker will have to extract features from several processes in order to get enough information about the computer environment in order to crack software. There are two main kinds of cracking: hardware and software. In hardware cracking, cracks are made directly on physical hardware components such as CPUs or hard drives. In software cracking, cracks are made by reverse engineering software with the use of an emulator or virtual machine. Software cracking lasts much longer than hardware cracking and the average time to crack a program through software cracking is about one hour. However, this figure is taken from a very small sample size. The mean time to crack for each reported software cracking was only 1.97 days, if the mean time to crack for all reported cases were 1 hour then it would take 2 years and 9 months to crack one software package. The discovery of cracks and cracks in itself is generally not considered illegal unless they are used for other illegal activity such as intellectual property (IP) theft or other related crimes (Liu). However, the usage of the decrypted content without having a license for it can be illegal depending on which country you live in. When a crack or a computer program is made, the creators will usually make it freely available to the public because they do not want to spend time cracking it themselves. However, others may crack their own software for less altruistic reasons such as IP theft or sharing copyrighted material without having to pay for a software license. Also, there are several websites that specifically host cracked content and their users share software cracked from other sites. Software cracking has been found in many instances where commercial encryption is used. Software cracking can be found in areas that use commercial encryption methods such as security programs, operating systems and other kinds of programs that need a valid license key in order to function properly. eccc085e13
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